Following on from the launch of the ICRC's public appeal on Biotechnology, weapons and humanity in September 2002, this leaflet has been produced. It highlights some of the existing and emerging capabilities for use of scientific advances in the field of biotechnology for hostile purposes and the risks that they pose for humanity if not controlled. It also outlines measures that can be taken by governments, industry, scientists and other actors to minimise the threat of poisoning and deliberate spreading of disease.